![]() They started Pond5 with just $700 in seed funding from friends and family members but quickly grew into one of the largest stock video companies in the world. The company was founded by Aaron Siegel and Matt Zagula, who built their first website after losing a lucrative contract to a competitor who had access to stock footage that they didn’t. Pond5 has been in business since 2004 - making it one of the first sites of its kind. The Pond5 library includes over 1 million clips from the world’s top stock footage providers, as well as original music tracks. Pond5 is an online stock footage, music, and motion graphics marketplace where users can legally buy and sell content. Pond5 stock music is a collection of royalty-free tracks that you can purchase and download online. ![]() It’s a great way to get your project started without having to create the audio yourself or pay a composer to create it for you.īoth are offered with unlimited use rights and can be used in any type of project, including commercial projects. Pond5 stock music is royalty-free music available for download. – Quality-Checked Tracks: They’re proud of their music library and want to keep it that way. – Flexible Tagging: their advanced tagging system allows you to filter tracks based on mood, style, genre, instruments, vocals, and much more. – Simple Licensing: Free up your time and energy by using Audiio’s clear and simple license. Whether you’re making a wedding video, a corporate presentation, or just want some background tunes at your next house party, there’s something here for you! Audiio Features The collection includes ambient, electronic, rock, jazz, soul, and more.Īudiio Stock music is a fantastic resource for video producers. This way you can get an idea of how they will sound in your project.Īudiio Stock music is an ever-growing library of royalty-free music from independent artists, filmmakers, and producers. ![]() You can listen to previews of our tracks before you buy them. They have over 100,000 songs to choose from – all professionally produced, recorded, and mastered by talented musicians. You can use our music in any video or audio project, for free! – All tracks are organized into folders by mood and genre so you can quickly find exactly what you’re looking for.Īudiio stock music is a royalty-free music library where you can find high-quality, licensed music for your videos. – More than 90,000 sound effects to add impact to your production. – More than 35,000 tracks, ranging from 1 to 10 minutes in length, and all 100% royalty-free. Their goal was to create a platform where anyone can find high-quality music for their videos at an affordable price. We also offer a free demo account to try out our service before buying.Įpidemic Sound was founded in 2010 by Carl Häggström and Petter Bengtsson, both former members of the Swedish band Teddybears. You can also search our database by genre or mood to find exactly what you need.Įpidemic Sound is a growing marketplace with new tracks added every day. Our library includes more than 10,000 handpicked tracks, all available for instant download. The key to successful background music for videos is to choose the right type of music to compliment your purpose and message.īackground music is usually instrumental, although there are instances when lyrics can fit the purpose.įor example, Barry Manilow’s “Can’t Smile Without You” might be appropriate background music for a romantic love story or it might work well with a comedy skit about love gone wrong.Įpidemic Sound is an easy and affordable way to use high-quality royalty-free stock music in your videos, films, TV shows, and other projects. The type of music you choose should always be in sync with your message. You would not use classical music for a martial arts program or rap music for a corporate presentation. Of course, there are as many types of music as there are styles of programming. It’s also full of music that is not good for your video.įor example, if you make a serious video about business or health, a light-hearted song with a bunch of laughter isn’t going to be the best choice. ![]() YouTube is full of low-quality, copyrighted tracks. There are a lot of places where you can find good background music for your videos.
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![]() The Secret Service screens all presidential visitors on official business, subjecting foreigners to intense scrutiny. ![]() On both occasions, Liu apparently found a loophole in a phalanx of defenses designed to protect the president. Two months later, he met the president again at Bedminster. He may have made at least one illegal donation to the GOP, according to interviews.īy the summer, Liu had achieved his fervent goal of meeting Trump. ![]() He courted political figures at gatherings fueled by Taittinger champagne and Macanudo cigars, at meals in Michelin-starred restaurants and in offices in Rockefeller Center. In early 2018, he launched a high-rolling quest for influence in New York. “I’ve been doing illegal business for over 10 years,” Liu said in a conversation recorded by the Drug Enforcement Administration in 2020. How a Chinese American Gangster Transformed Money Laundering for Drug Cartels Perhaps most worrisome, the FBI was monitoring him because of suspicions that he was working with Chinese spies on a covert operation to buy access to U.S. He had ties to Chinese and Latin American organized crime. Media reports published overseas three years before the meeting had described him as the mastermind of a conspiracy that defrauded thousands of investors. Tao Liu had recently rented a luxurious apartment in Trump Tower in New York and boasted of joining the exclusive Trump National Golf Club in Bedminster, New Jersey.īut Liu was also a fugitive from Chinese justice. In July 2018, President Donald Trump met at his New Jersey golf club with a Chinese businessman who should have never gotten anywhere near the most powerful man in the world. Read part one: " How a Chinese American Gangster Transformed Money Laundering for Drug Cartels.” This is part two of an investigation into a revolutionary money laundering system involving Chinese organized crime, Latin American drug cartels and Chinese officials, and how a major figure in the scheme managed to meet former President Donald Trump. Just download the program and complete the conversion following the simple steps below. To convert M4V movies to AVI on Mac (Mountain Lion included), Aimersoft Video Converter for Mac is a good choice. Moreover, AVI presets for portable devices like BlackBerry, HTC, Wii, Nokia and more are provided for your choice. With it, you can fast change the M4V video format to AVI with a few mouse clicks while retaining the video quality. And the ultimate video tool from Aimersoft is just the right one for you to convert M4V videos to AVI in Windows 8/7/XP/Vista. To change from M4V format to AVI, a video converter is needed. Afterwards, you can keep the AVI file(s) stored in your computer hard drive or save it to your Dropbox, OneDrive, etc.If you're here, then you must have some M4V videos and want to convert them to AVI so as to play them smoothly in Windows or portable media players like BlackBerry, right? Don't be bothered by this problem anymore! Let's have a look at how to convert M4V to AVI on Mac and Windows easily and quickly here. Hit "RUN" to begin converting M4V to AVI. ![]() You should select a destination folder to store the AVI file(s) converted from M4V by tapping on "Browse" button. You can find AVI video profile from category "General Profiles", "PC General Profiles", and "to Blackberry"/"to ZEN" under "Blackberry & Nokia" category. To convert M4V to AVI, you should specify AVI as the output. You're allowed to input a single M4V file or a dozens of M4V video files for batch conversion by clicking on "+ Video" button on the top left corner of the main interface or simply dragging and dropping. Preparation: Download and install the converter on your computer. And the steps for operating on its Mac edition are similar to those described here. You can follow the guide below to convert M4V to AVI on Microsoft Windows 10 and other operating systems. WinX HD Video Converter Deluxe is very handy for converting M4V to AVI, MP4, WMV, FLV, etc. Learn more about WinX MediaTrans || Free download WinX MediaTrans How to Convert M4V to AVI on Windows (10/8/7) and Mac? It can help you kill DRM and convert encrypted M4V to DRM-free MP4 for flexible playback and editing. Note: Copy-protected M4V movies are not supported! If you want to remove DRM from M4V movies purchased from iTunes Store, simply try WinX MediaTrans. ![]() WinX HD Video Converter Deluxe is a simple-to-use program which comes with advanced features for encoding video files. Let's free download this M4V to AVI converter to have a try! Supporting 370+ input formats and 420+ output profiles, it can also perform MOV to MP4, MKV to MP4, and more video conversions. It is a user-friendly video file format converter which allows novices to convert M4V to AVI instantly with the ready-made presets and enables professionals to do advanced parameter settings and video editing.īy making use of world's most advanced Intel QSV, MMX-SSE, Nvidia CUDA/NVENC, Hyper-threading and AMD 3DNow! tech, files can be converted to specific format at super fast speed while maintaining perfect video audio effect. And its Mac version enables users to convert M4V to AVI on macOS Big Sur and lower versions. ![]() WinX HD Video Converter Deluxe is one of the powerful M4V to AVI converters, available for Windows 7, 8 (32 bit & 64 bit), as well as Windows 10. How to Convert M4V to AVI on Windows (10/8/7) and Mac?īest M4V to AVI Video Converter for Windows and Mac.Best M4V to AVI Video Converter for Windows and Mac. ![]() The example MethodParameterSpy would print the following for the method ExampleMethods.simpleMethod: public boolean ExampleMethods.simpleMethod(,int) Otherwise, this method synthesizes a name of the form arg N, where N is the index of the parameter in the descriptor of the method that declares the parameter.įor example, suppose you compiled the class ExampleMethods without specifying the -parameters compiler option. If the parameter's name is present, then this method returns the name provided by the. GetName: Returns the name of the parameter. The MethodParameterSpy example uses the following methods from theĬlass object that identifies the declared type for the parameter. Public void ExampleMethods.genericMethod(T,) Public int ExampleMethods.varArgsMethod(.) ![]() Public boolean ExampleMethods.simpleMethod(,int) This command prints the following: Number of constructors: 1 Note: Remember to compile the example ExampleMethods with the -parameters compiler option: java MethodParameterSpy ExampleMethods The following command prints the formal parameter names of the constructors and methods of the classĮxampleMethods. The example also prints other information about each parameter. MethodParameterSpy example illustrates how to retrieve the names of the formal parameters of all constructors and methods of a given class. class file, and thus enable the Reflection API to retrieve formal parameter names, compile the source file with the -parameters option to the javac compiler. To store formal parameter names in a particular. In addition, some parameter names, such as secret or password, may expose information about security-sensitive methods. class files, and the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) would use more memory. In particular, these tools would have to handle larger. class files that contain parameter names. ![]() This is because many tools that produce and consume class files may not expect the larger static and dynamic footprint of. class files do not store formal parameter names by default. (The classesĮxecutable and therefore inherit the method Executable.getParameters.) However. The following example demonstrates the use of basic Java Reflection operations for retrieving the class name from object of that class.You can obtain the names of the formal parameters of any method or constructor with the method Non-reflection code perspective about some operation like accessing the private fields are illegal, so Java Reflection’s implementation of such operation may affect the portability of code.Security restrictions are different from each other, which may result in an unexpected outcome with the same Java Reflection code.Reflection doesn’t fully support Java Virtual Machine (JVM) optimization, since Java Reflection involves dynamically resolved types that reduce the performance of code.Therefore, before any implementation of Java Reflection, you should keep the following issues in mind: Java Reflection is a very powerful feature, but in case if there is any alternative solution exists for a problem, it is preferable to avoid using this feature. To instantiate an object, invoke its methods and change the field values at runtime without any prior knowledge of its implementation.To get information about fields and methods at runtime. ![]() To inspect the class, use an interface and enum and retrieve their structures at runtime.Java Reflection is the set of classes and interfaces packed in a ‘’ that provides the following functionalities: To learn more about Java essentials, take a course at In Java Reflection, only an examining feature is available, but it’s possible to change the accessibility of fields and methods. It’s used to inspect and modify runtime behavior of objects in an application, which means that it analyzes the structure of code and enables the programmer to change its expected behavior. Reflection is one of the most advanced features of any dynamic language like C# or Java that enables developers to perform delicate operations. ![]() ![]() ![]() God Eater 3 is the sequel to God Eater 2 Rage Burst. Tagged in: Capcom, Clover-Studio, God-Hand, Hideki-Kamiya, news PlatinumGames’ Hideki Kamiya has been tweeting about a new God Hand game, because of course he has (via Resetera ). God of War is the eighth installment in the franchise overall. According to the trailers, there was a disaster of tremendous proportions, referred to as 'Ashlands' that devoured Fenrir, and is apparently still ongoing by the time of the narration. According to its first official trailer, God Eater 3 will feature dual wielding, a first in the God Eater series. Unlike previous installments, this game focuses on Norse mythology and follows an older and more seasoned Kratos and his new son Atreus in the years since God of War III. Adapun musuh yang sudah menanti kita adalah sekumpulan Bandit dan Monster mengerikan. Because the player cannot use the Roulette Wheel or unleash the God Hand, purchasable Roulette Wheel moves and the Chihuahua Curry and Gold Plate power-ups are unneeded, and Gold should instead be spent mainly on new Techniques.It is recommended to attempt this on a New-Game Plus, as the player will have access to every technique in God Hand from the start at the General Store.Sensei (as well as Great Sensei and Black Ninja).If the player manages to successfully beat the game with the Kick Me Sign remaining on Gene's back, they will be rewarded with the C-Side of the Jukebox disc, which contains the themes for all of God Hands Sub-Bosses: Kita terserah menggunakan cara apa saja untuk menghadapinya, entah memakai barang, tangan kosong atau jurus. ![]() A renewed appreciation for the effect on the market factor would result in a more accurate application of the fair use doctrine that would acknowledge the role of fanworks and their participatory culture in supporting the economic incentive motivation of copyright. It further posits that fair use analyses should be re-focused on ensuring a meaningful examination of the effect on the market factor that avoids the taint of the courts’ aesthetic judgments. This Article argues that active fandoms producing a large amount of fanworks tend to aid the goals of copyright. JetDogs Studios proudly brings you the next exciting installment in the popular 12 Labours of Hercules saga Emma is a normal girl in the 21st century, but when she’s unexpectedly sent back to ancient Greece, she seizes the opportunity to join her favorite hero, Hercules, on his adventures Lucky for Hercules, Emma has magical art supplies. This Article examines the phenomenon of fandom and its effect on the original works that have inspired it through the medium of both “old” fandoms that pre-date the Internet age and “new” fandoms that have come of age in a digital world. This can correct the imbalance worked by aesthetic value judgments of free works that cause no economic harm, recognizing that fandoms often operate as market facilitators, not market rivals. Shifting the focus of fair use to a market-based approach would prioritize economic returns over artistic opinions. However, both old, venerable fandoms like Sherlock Holmes and new works funded by Kickstarters tell us that fanworks can actually enable further creativity by the copyright-holder and increase the value of the original work rather than detracting from it. Fanworks have historically been considered to have little aesthetic value by the dominant culture, which can lead to a knee-jerk finding of infringement in an aesthetic-based fair use analysis. This de-emphasis of the financial aspect of fair use has strong implications for the realm of fanworks. One outcome of this emphasis on aesthetic value has been a de-emphasis of the market harm factor of fair use, whose examination has come to be subsumed by courts’ aesthetic judgments. While paying lip service to a requirement of aesthetic neutrality, such analyses tend to become bogged down in unarticulated artistic judgments that hinge on a court’s personal interpretations of the work in question. Determining if any given fanwork is infringing requires a fair use analysis. Hercules is desperate to find her back, but Hades destroyed the path, so the journey is challenging. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes stories inspired a passionate fandom, long before the age of the Internet.ĭespite their persistence, fanworks have long existed in a nebulous gray area of copyright law. Play 12 Labours of Hercules and enjoy a mythical action game Hercules is in shock after he finds out his wife has been kidnapped by the evil Hades during one of his naps. However, “fandom” has existed for as long as stories have been told. Website Facebook Twitter culture in the guise of fan-created works like fanfiction, fanart, and fanvids is often connected in the popular imagination with the Internet. *No magical creatures were harmed during creation of the game. The Player will enjoy colourful comics, as well as Hercules' surprising tricks.Įach of 4 stages has an Action game in the end. The game runs in Full HD mode, if available. The Player will have to fix the paths, find & use artefacts, activate switches, and fight beasts.Īs you move forward, you get a chance to build 4 Wonders on the Map Screen. The villain has destroyed the roads, so it takes a lot of effort to follow. Evil Hades had kidnapped his wife while Hercules was asleep. 12 Labours of Hercules IV - Mother Nature Collector's Edition 5. 12 Labours of Hercules III - Girl Power 4. 12 Labours of Hercules II - The Cretan Bull 3. You assist a hero from Ancient Greece, Hercules. This super pack contains the first six games in the series including three Collector's Editions 1. ![]() These features are helpful in developing presentations and reports with credible information. ![]() Furthermore, you can extract required content from Twitter by choosing feed type and string to search. You can configure it to specify maximum duration, default replay duration, master layers, replay shot deletion, replay shot template and active replay mode. ![]() It is compatible with many different formats of files and can import them easily for increasing the usability and attractiveness of shared media. However, it is necessary to consider the capabilities of system before connecting extremely high resource consuming devices. The outstanding feature of the software is its vastness and support for a large variety of cameras and mics. The help menu assists new users in getting awareness about using method in detail. Wirecast is a complete application that is useful for recording of high quality videos that can be shared with audience over internet. The recording is carried out in an ISO folder and is divided into multiple layers. You can choose cut or smooth mode in recording and can immediately transmit recordings by enabling their preview. After choosing devices, you can start recording and can adjust various aspects of audio and video. The available display modes allow you to view both live and preview areas or only one of them on screen. Under its Layout menu option, you can choose display modes and enable required layers. The graphical user interface of software is comprehensive with lots of options. You can capture screen video or import external files for transmission purpose. It lets you choose suitable devices and modes easily. The tool automatically detects externally connected devices and computer’s applications that can be used for this purpose. Process of broadcasting starts with a single click and can be paused or stopped anytime. Stereo Microphones and HD cameras are generally used in professional environment. You can make use of computer’s built-in mic and webcam, but high quality devices will enhance the quality. However, beginners can also learn its usage by practice.īefore using Wirecast, it is preferred to ensure that there are enough resources for capturing audio and video. Wirecast software equipped with several capabilities for live streaming and broadcasting. Wirecast has everything needed to real-time edit an event and record it, and it was also designed to be the encoding software needed to stream events. As for its full features, you can check it down below: It’s performance and stability are extremely reliable. and was launched in 1999 for experienced users. Wirecast Pro 13 allows anyone to go live stream to RTMP, Youtube or Facebook easily. It is a great solution for sharing life events, music programs, sports news, game tutorials, travel diaries and current happenings. The content can be broadcasted live or can be recorded for transmitting later. It allows you to share high quality audio and video with the help of suitable recording mediums. It is a professional tool available with commercial proprietary license. Using the high-quality dedicated encoding pipeline on NVIDIA hardware.Wirecast is a content broadcasting service through which you can share media with clients. NDI Screen Capture HX’s ground-breaking capabilities enable powerful new workflows for live content creation:įull resolution screen capture up to 4K and above, at frame-rates up to 120 Hz or higherĮnd-to-end hardware accelerated implementation of NDI|HX including screen capture, color conversion, and video compression NDI Screen Capture HX is designed to work with a PC’s GPU to capture your screen and make it available as an NDI source on the network – all without the need for costly capture cards. NDI screensaver to add movement to your monitors.NDI output allows NDI Studio Monitor to act as a router and server for delivery to multiple outboard displays.Record NDI files directly from multiple instances NDI Studio Monitor.Remote control of PTZ, recording, and configuration for applicable source The Wirecast Gear features seamless integration with PTZOptics cameras at HD resolutions up to 1080p 60fps which is perfect for live streaming and producing impressive video content.Comprehensive support for multi-monitor video wall and signage installations.Support for control and configuration via compatible mobile devices.Launch, distribute, and manage multiple instances from a single device.Independently configurable video source, overlay, and audio per instance.Incredibly powerful and versatile, NDI Studio Monitor runs on any compatible laptop or workstation, and allows you to see any available NDI channel in real time, arrange multiple NDI channels for live monitoring, and deploy instances for a range of professional signage and display applications. View or display any number of NDI video sources across your network. ![]() Max Verstappen was at the wheel as 2020 running got underway. Hopefully, there will also be a cool new livery for pre-season testing next week like there was last year.į1 2020: McLaren MC元5 Follow The Auto Loons on WordPress. Red Bulls new challenger, the RB16, hit the track for a shakedown run at Silverstone on Wednesday. Albon has stuck with the predominantly blue and yellow theme.ĭo you think Albon will get his first-ever podium this season? Can Verstappen snatch even more wins from Ferrari and Mercedes? It’ll be exciting to see and hopefully, the action will start from the first race itself. The Dutchman has opted for a bit more white with gold for the lion on top and the ‘V’ design around the back. Max Verstappen believes Red Bull had 'definitely overachieved' by splitting the Mercedes drivers in the Formula 1 championship, and that the team must 'accept the situation' it currently faces. The matte livery remains near identical as do the helmets. Red Bull Racing F1 2020 Mens Team T red bull f1 team shirt. It is highly unlikely that Red Bull would have been able to close the gap to Mercedes for 2020. Buy Now: red bull f1 team shirt.adidas white t shirt full sleeve, adidas gonz t shirt. ![]() Hopefully, its Honda engine will also be an improved version of last year and will earn the team some more wins over the season. F1 2020 races onto our screens on July 10, with Codemasters looking to improve upon the already-spectacular F1 2019 with a glut of new features, cars and circuits, as well as the world’s biggest F1. The RB16 is also a new and improved version of the RB15 and will be driven by the same two racers – Max Verstappen and Alexander Albon. Mechanically speaking, it features most of the changes under its skin to comply with the few changes in regulations. Sadly, it doesn’t look much different from the RB15. In all likelihood, it will be the last Aston Martin Red Bull Racing livery we’ll see for some time. We’re treating it like a new circuit, we know what we need to do – we need to go there and win.The next podium contender for 2020 has been unveiled – the RB16. “Then you’ve also got the fact it’s the softest tyres, and those can be really tricky on occasion. 2020 Constructor Standings Pos Team PTS 1: Mercedes: 573: 2: Red Bull Racing Honda: 319: 3: McLaren Renault: 202: 4. “Tracks that we thought we would be competitive at, like Austin, we weren’t good at all, and we’ve seen Red Bull show us a clean pair of heels on a single lap. Esports Fantasy F1 22 F1 Manager 2022 F1 Play F1 Mobile Racing F1 Clash. This is the best Car Setup if you use a Red Bull: Front Wing Aero: 30 Rear. “There’s lots of new areas of the track and we’ve seen performance swing quite strongly. Red Bull Racing team manager Helmut Marko has confirmed that the four drivers currently within the Red Bull organization will remain in the Red Bull organization in the 2020 Formula 1 season and. Find the best F1 2020 game setups for each car and track of the F1 2020. “We’ve had a lot of good races in Abu Dhabi, but going in there, we’re worried about the unknowns,” he added. Photo by: Steve Etherington / Motorsport Imagesīut while Mercedes will be more focused on performance this year, Shovlin admit there remain some big uncertainties. Lewis Hamilton, Mercedes W12, 1st position, drives into Parc Ferme We ended up going into the race underprepared with a car that wasn’t well balanced and I think ultimately that’s where it cost us.” “Ironically, we’d won the championship and we decided to try to understand the tyres rather than focus on the race weekend. ![]() Use the LWS to find serial numbers, track orders, view purchase histories, check upgrade entitlements and points, change or add account contacts and information, merge accounts, and download software. Then go to the intallation directory and run these commands. The Adobe Licensing Website (LWS) provides account information for Adobe Buying Programs customers. Model management : Possibility to view the model structure, to select model’s objects (Multi selection).įor compiling GLC_Player 2.3, first install QT4.6 or Qt4.7 and GLC_lib 2.2.Albums files can be saved in order to reopen them later.Possibility to load several models, to view thumbnails of loaded models and to switch very quickly between these models.With this functionality you can review loaded models while loading other models. ![]()
![]() Indeed, Aran et al reported that children with postpubertal onset of narcolepsy had a higher prevalence of sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations, and shorter mean sleep latency (MSL) than children with peripubertal and prepubertal onset. There may be several reasons for this delay, including the rarity of NC, reduced awareness about this disorder among clinicians, but also changes in the clinical picture of NC depending on age at diagnosis. 11 Indeed, many people with an NC onset during childhood or adolescence are diagnosed only when they are adults, after they completed and possibly failed their academic studies, gained an almost irreversible obesity and experienced low self-esteem. Despite more than half of patients with NC have a disease onset prior to the age of 18 years, 10 there is a delay of more than 10 years between the disease onset and its diagnosis. ![]() The question of age at onset and age at diagnosis is important in the context of NC. Additionally, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQB1*0602 genotype is closely associated with NC. In opposite, in narcolepsy type 2, there is no decrease in hypocretin levels. 7, 8 Indeed, low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypocretin-1 levels (less than or equal to 110 pg/mL) are found in more than 90% of patients with NC (also called narcolepsy type 1 or hypocretin deficient). 4, 5 Narcolepsy with cataplexy is caused by a loss of hypocretin-1 neurons located in the lateral hypothalamus, 6 probably via an autoimmune mechanism. 2, 3 The NC prevalence increased after the H1N1 infection and vaccine. The prevalence of narcolepsy ranges from 0.02% to 0.05% in European and North American populations. 1 The frequent comorbidities of NC include obesity, restless legs syndrome (RLS), periodic limb movement syndrome (PLMS), depressive mood, and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Narcolepsy with cataplexy (NC) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) with irresistible sleep attacks and cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone triggered by emotions), associated sometimes with other abnormal rapid eye movement (REM) manifestations such as hypnagogic hallucinations, sleep paralysis, REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), and disturbed nocturnal sleep. These differences should be considered to ensure a prompt diagnosis. ConclusionĪt time of NC diagnosis, children have more frequent obesity, night eating, parasomnia, sleep talking, drunkenness, and ADHD symptoms than adults, even if sleepiness and cataplexy do not differ. The body mass index ( z-score) was correlated with OAHI ( r = .32). No between-group differences were found at the multiple sleep latency test. Obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI) was lower in children with higher mean and minimal oxygen saturation than in adults. Quality of life was essentially impacted by depressive feelings in both children and adults. There was no difference between groups for insomnia and fatigue scores. However, adults had lower quality of life than children. Depressive feelings affected not differently children (24%) and adults (32%). ![]() ![]() Children scored higher than adults at the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) scale. The frequency of obesity (54% vs 17%), night eating (29% vs 7%), parasomnia (89% vs 43%), sleep talking (80% vs 34%), and sleep drunkenness (69% vs 24%) were higher in children than in adults, the frequency of sleep paralysis was lower (20% vs 55%) but the frequency of cataplexy and the severity of sleepiness were not different. The clinical and sleep measures were compared between patients diagnosed before (46 children, median age: 12 year old) and after (46 adults, median age: 28.5 year old) 18 years of age. Methodsĭe novo patients with NC diagnosis completed a standardized questionnaire and interview, followed by a sleep study. To compare symptoms and sleep characteristics in patients diagnosed with narcolepsy-cataplexy (NC) before and after the age of 18 years. |
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